Projection apparatus.



A. AMES, JR.

PROJECTION APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED JUNE 6.1916- Patented Feb. 20, 1917.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

A. AMES, JR. PROJECTION APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILE D JUNE 6,19I6.

' Patented Feb. 20, 1917.

g I 24 a ADELBERT AMES, JR., OF TEWKSIBURY, MASSACHUSETTS.

PROJECTION APPARATUS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed JuneG, 1916. Serial No. 102,086.-

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, ADELBERT Arms, J r.,

a citizen of the United States, and resident of Tewksbury, in the countyof Middlesex and State of Massachusetts, have invented new and usefulImprovements in Projection Apparatus, of which the following is aspecification.

' This invention relates to light projection apparatus designed toproject a sharply defined concentrated beam of light a considerabledistance. More particularly the invention relates to a headlight foruse. on automobiles and the like adapted to illuminate the roadway farin advance of the vehicle without producing upward glare, that is,without projecting substantially any light above a horizontal planepassing through the region of the light source, and at the same timeadapted to produce distributed illumination for relatively short andintermediate distances along the roadway.

In my prior applications Serial No. 72,504 and Serial No. 72,505, bothfiled January 17, 1916, I have disclosed light projection apparatuscomprising a paraboloidal or other concave reflector, a light source inthe region of the focus of the reflector and a spherical or otherauxiliary reflector for reflecting to said paraboloidal reflector thelight radiating from the source in certain directions, whereby all orsubstantially all the light emanating from the source may be projectedin and below a horizontal direction. This inventionvcomprisesimprovements for simply and eflectively controlling the projection oflight by means of apparatus of this character.

The principal objects of the invention are to provide an auxiliaryreflector or deflector, in combination with a paraboloidal reflector orother reflector adapted to project a concentratcd beam of light togetherwith a light .--.ource having one or more substantial dimensions so thatportions thereof are necessarily displaced from the focus of thereflector. the deflector being constructed and arranged to reflect lightto the reflector in such manner that the light is projected in and belowa horizontal direction; and to provide means for preventing light fromthe displaced portions of the light source from striking the reflectorat vsuch angles as to be projected upwardly.

' Other objects of the invention, such as the shaping and relativepositioning of parts of the apparatus, will be apparent from thefollowing description and the accompanying drawings, in which,

Figure 1 is a vertical axial section through the preferred form of myprojection apparatus Patented Feb. 20, 1917. i

Fig. 2 is a vertical transverse sectional view on the line VV of Fig. 1,parts being omitted;

v Fig. 3 is a side elevation of the auxiliary reflector;

' Fig. 4 is a iliary reflector;

Fig. 5 is a vertical axial sectional view similar to Fig. 1, showing thelamp in position; and

Fig. 6 is a vertical axial section of a modified form of my improvedapparatus.

Each of the particular embodiments of my invention illustrated in thedrawings comprises a paraboloidal reflector P,. arranged to receivelight only upon the lower half thereof, a light source L positioned inthe rear of the focus fof the paraboloidal reflector, a deflector in theform of a spherical reflector S positioned upwardly and forlowerreflector P in such a manner as to prevent upward glare the reflectedrays should pass the axis HH in the rear of the focus, f. To cause thereflected rays to strike the parabfront elevation of the said anx fromthe light source to be reflected to the I oloidal reflector as if theyhad come from points back of the focus, the centers of the,

spherical surfaces forming the auxiliary reflector attachment must beback of the light source. These centers may, therefore. be positioned inthe vertical line VV which is perpendicular to the axis HH at a point behind the light source. The exact distance of the line VV back of thefocal plane may be determined by the axial dimension of the source oflight employed, but in practice it should be taken as the average ormaximum length of common commercial headlight filaments.

It is desirable to have most of the rays reflected by the surfaces ofthe attachment pass as close behind the light source as pos sible, sothat after reflection by the paraboloidal reflector they will form acontinuous light pattern with those rays reflected directly by theparaboloidal surface. For this reason the line VV is preferably locatedas close as possible to the rear of the light source. The center of thesmaller spherical surface may be positioned in the axis and the centerof the larger spherical surface is preferably positioned thcreabove forreasons hereinafter set forth.

The preferred shape and extent of the larger spherical surface may bedetermined from the following considerations: lVith the light source Lpositioned behind the focus 7 of the paraboloidal surface P, the largerspherical reflector S should be positioned with its center 0 behind andabove the light source. Thusall rays from the light source, directlyincident to the spherical surface S are reflected to pass above and backof the center of the sphere and therefore back of the focus of theparaboloidal surface, whereby all such rays are forwardly projected in adirection orientated slightly below the horizontal.

It will be noted, however, that the light source might project slightlyabove or behind the center O' without producing upward glare, theprincipal requirement for the purpose of my invention being to cause allrays reflected fromthe spherical surface to pass through or behind thefocus of the paraboloidal surface, that is, to cause all the rays to bereflected to the lower surface at such angles as to be projected in orbelow a' horizontal direction. On the other hand,

owing to the fact that lamp filaments vary in size and shape, it isdesirable, in practice, to position the reflector S so that its centerwill be somewhat above the top point of the average filament in order toavoid upward glare even when using commercial lamps having filaments ofunusual shape and size. However, for purposes of illustration I haveshown the reflector S positioned with its center 0 in the rear,uppermost point of the source of light L, the latter being shown as aV-shaped filament positioned in a vertical plane.

The lower portion of the spherical reflector S should preferably bemodified to prevent rays emanating approximately horizontally from thelight source from being reflected to the paraboloidal surface at such anangle as to be projected upwardly. In the absence of such a modifiedsurface some of the rays emanating from points above the center 0 of thespherical surface S, when using an irregular filament extending abovethe point 0, would be reflected from the aforesaid lower portion of thespherical reflector to pass below the center of the sphere and thence tothe lower reflector at such an angle as to be projected upwardly.

One effective Way of eliminating upward glare resulting from the abovementioned cause is to curve the lower portion of the reflector Sinwardly as illustrated in Figs. 1, 3 and 5. In this embodiment of theinvention the section of the reflector S below the horizontal planethrough B0 is preferably formed by rotating the arc AB, whose center isat 0, about the vertical line VV. The horizontal plane OB, where themodified curvature of the reflector begins, should be a sufficientdistance above the light source to prevent upward glare from irregularlyshaped filaments or from other causes of undue displacement of the lightsource. The modified surface below the horizontal plane through OBshould be extended below the horizontal plane through the lowerextremity of the light source to prevent rays from being forwardlyradiated in an upward direction and also to shield the portions of thelower reflector adjacent the horizontal plane containing the axisthereof to prevent upward glare from causes fully set forth in mycopending application Serial No. 102,085, filed June 6, 1916. As illustrated in the drawings, this surface extends above and below thehorizontal plane through the focus of the paraboloidal re flector asomewhat greater distance, respectively, than does the light source.

With the modified surface-"below the horizontal plane through OB formedas described, rays emanating approximately horizontally from the lightsource will be reflected upwardly, and most of the rays thus reflectedwill be again reflected by the reflector S in a forward and downwarddirection, either not striking the paraboloidal reflector at all, or ifso. striking it as though issuing from points behind the focus.

The light which is reflected from the reflector S in such a direction asnot to strike the paraboloidal reflector would be projected to theroadway immediately in front of the headlight. The light which isreflected from the reflector S to the paraboloidal surface in such a wayas to pass behind the-focus of the latter reflector would be projectedin a downward direction.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in Figs. 1 to 5, the sphericalreflector S is preferably cut off at the plane CD so that it will notinterfere with the paraboloidal reflector P when the apparatus isassembled and it is preferably extended down to the plane DQ to afford aconvenient means of attaching it to the spherical reflector S. Thereflector S is extended over and around the reflector S both to preventstray light from reaching the upper half of the reflector P, when usingan entire paraboloidal reflector, and to spring over and tightly engagethe reflector S at the lower edges of the two reflectors as hereinafterexplained.

The additional reflector S is provided within the reflector S owing tothe fact .that the rear portion of the latter is preferably cut away toavoid interference thereof with the projector I. The center of thespherical portion of the reflector S is preferably positioned at O inthe axis HH to the rear of the light source, whereby the light incidentthereto diregtly from the light source will hind the focus of theparaboloidal reflector and therefore be projected in a direction onlyslightly below the horizontal. The reflector S preferably extendsforwardly only to the vertical plane VV, thus shading only that portionof reflector S which is behind the plane VV.

The flat reflector EGK which is preferably in the form of an aprondepending from reflector S, is positioned behind the source of light tofurther aid in preventing upward glare and also to afford means foraccurately positioning the lamp bulb relative to the two sphericalreflectors and the paraboloidal reflector.

The apron EGK assists in preventing upward glare which would otherwiseresult from radial displacement of parts of the light source from theaxis of the paraboloidal reflector, and particularly from displacementof parts of the light source below the horizontal plane containing theaxis of the reflector. In Fig. 5. for example, a ray 12 issuing frompoint 14 of the filament L, which is dis placed below the axis, would bereflected at.

point 16 of the paraboloidal surface P (in the absence of the apron) inan inward and consequently an upward direction as though it had emanatedfrom a point 18 in front of the focus f. Thus all rays incident-to thepa raboloidal reflector behind the light source over paths which, ifextended, would pass in front of the focus of the reflector would bereflected in an upward direction, since only the lower half of theparaboloidal surface is employed in apparatus of the characterdescribed. I have found that upward glare resulting from this cause canbe eliminated by a reflector such as the apron EGK. For example, withsuch a reflector. the ray 12 above referred to would be reflecteddownwardly as indicated at 20 instead of upwardly as in the absence ofthe reflector. The radial extent of the apron below the horizontal planecontaining the axis HI'I may be determined by the line of intersec-'.tion therewith of a half cone having its apex from points in front ofthe focus of the paraboloidal surface. For example, I have disclosed anumber of modifications of suitable means for accomplishing this resultin my copending application Serial No. 102,085,

filed June 6, 1916. However, I preferably construct the reflector EGK insubstantially the form shown for the following reasons.

For the proper functioning of apparatus of the character. described itis imperative that the light source be exactly positioned relative tothe reflecting surfaces. The one measurement which manufacturers ofheadlight lamps take especial care to make accurate is the distance fromthe filament to the plane where the glass bulb joins the metal plugpermanently attached thereto. This distance is represented in Fig. 5 bythe dimension line (Z. Hence, the plane where the glass bulb joins itsmetalbase comprises a place where the lamp can be attached to the re-.flectors and at the same time be suitably and accurately positionedrelative thereto.

Furthermore, owing to thefact that the bulb sockets in ordinarycommercial headlights extend into close proximity with the glass bulbs,when the bulbs are secured in the sockets, it is desirable that theattachment. if made at this point, be in the form of a thin metalsheetfitting between the bulb and the socket. I therefore prefer to employ aflat apron having an aperture the rem concentric with the axis of thelower reflecting surface and to secure the two substantially sphericalreflectors to the lamp by means of the apron between the bulb and thesocket 22. The aperture may be provided with one or more notches 24 topermit the bayonet catches 26 to pass therethrough.

The reflector S should preferably begin close to the glass bulb inasmuchas the apron is preferably attached to the reflector and inasmuch as theapron terminates at its upper end in a narrow portion extending abovethe .lamp socket close to the bulb.

The radius of curvature of reflector S is therefore made smaller thanthat of reflector S whereby the reflector Sinay join directly to and,preferably. be formed integrally with the apron-EGK. The reflector S ispreferably extended to the vertical plane VV.

While the upper portion of the reflector S preferably comprises asubstantially spherical surface the sides thereof preferably flare outto form portions tangential to the spherical portion to furthereliminate upward glare and to meet the outer reflector S at the loweredges thereof. In the absence of the outward flare of the sides of thereflector S some upward glare would ordinarily result. For example, somerays emanating from points of the light source displaced from thecenters of the two spherical reflectors would be reflected between thereflectors S and S two or more times and then pass to the paraboloidalsurface at such angles as to be projected upwardly.

Furthermore, displacement of the lamp filament from the center of thelamp bulb causes light to be reflected from the-ins1de of the bulb andto be focused at a point oppositely displaced from the center of thebulb. \Vhen employing lamps of this charactcr, which are common amongordinary conunercial headlight lamps, some rays passing through thisfocus would be reflected from reflector S'-at such angles as to beprojected upwardly from the paraboloidal reflector..

For example, when the light source 1s displaced rearwardly ofthe centerof the bulb the light reflected from the inner surface of the bulb isfocused in front of the light source and hence in front of the focus ofthe paraboloidal reflector. The light passing downwardly through thisfocus would be projected upwardly owing to the fact that it is incidentto the projector as coming from in front of the focus thereof. 'hen thelight source is displaced forwardly of the center of the bulb the lightreflected from the inner surface of the bulb is focused in the rear ofthe light source and hence in the rear of the centers of the upperspherical reflectors. The light passing upwardly through this focuswould be reflected from the spherical reflectors to pass downwardly infront of the centers of the spherical surfaces and in part in front ofthe focus of the lower reflector and therefore be projected upwardly.

Hence. either forward or rearward displacement of the light sourcerelative to the lamp bulb will cause upward glare in apparatus of thecharacter described. However. I have found that this cause of upwardglare can be eliminated by outwardly flaring the sides of the innerreflector. The extent of this flare, both horizontally and vertically,depends on the character of the lamp employed, but with most commercial.lamps the glare is eliminated by forming the reflector S substantiallyas shown in the drawil'lgs.

As above stated the lower edges of re- Hector C meet the rear portlonsof the lower edges of reflector S and are detachably secured thereto inthe following manner: Lower reflector S is provided at each of its fourlower corners with an extended lip 32, half of which is bent outwardlyabout a vertical axis, thus. forming an angular shoulder. Outerreflector S is provided with four tangential lips 34 positioned to fitwithin the angular shoulders on the reflector S. Each lower ed e of theouter reflector S is curved inwar' ly between the lips to form seats forthe lower edges of the reflector S.

In assembling the apparatus the base of the lamp bulb is first insertedthrough the aperture 23 in the apron EGK, and owing to the fact that theaperture is preferably made slightly smaller than the base the twohalves of the apron must be spread apart somewhat in order to receivethe base. ()wing to its formation the device possesses a sufficientamount of elasticity to cause the two halves of the apron to springinwardly when released and tightly grip the lamp base. The largerreflector S is then placed over the lamp bulb, with the tip of the bulbengaging the spring in the recess 30. and by pressing the reflector S inan axial direction it may be caused to spread laterally whereby it maybe moved down into normal position surrounding the bulb and thereflector S. Upon removing the axial pressure from the reflector S thesides thereof spring inwardly and the shoulders thereon cooperate withthe lips on the reflector S" to rigidly secure the two reflectorstogether and to further cause the apron to grip the lamp base. \Vith thespherical reflectors thus secured to the lamp, the base of the lamp issecured to the socket 22 by means of the bayonet connection 2627. Theparts are thus rigidly secured together and accurately positionedrelative to each other.

In the modified form of my invention shown in Fig. 6 the sphericalreflectors S and S are formed integrally with each other, beingconnected together by the annular portion 41, and the portions of thereflectors below a horizontal plane through MN are made tangential tothe main spherical portions. Th tangential portions are preferably madenon-reflecting as by a coating of black paint NF. Thus, all raysincident to the lower portions of the reflectors, which might otherwisebe reflected to the projector at such an angle as to be projected in anupward direction, are absorbed. For example. the ray 42 issuing from theuppermost point of the irregular filament L which would be projected inan upward direction in the absence of the non-reflecting coating NF isabsorbed. Vhile a small portion of the light is wasted in this form ofapparatus. upward glare is effectually prevented; and this type ofreflector can be formed with facility and at a small cost.

It is to be understood .that the words horizontal, vertical, upward,vdownward, etc.,

are used throughout the specification and claims merely for conveniencein referring to relative locations and directions, and that my inventionis not limited to headlights employed solely inthe position hereindescribed.- On the contrary, the invention is applicable wherever it isdesired to project a beam of light sharply defined on at least one side.I contemplate, for example, applying my invention to search-lightsemployed to illuminate buildings and the like.

\Vhile I' have described in detail certain specific shapes and sizes ofparts, certain relative positions of parts, etc., extensive variationsof these factors obviously. are included within the scope of theappended claims. 4

I claim:

1. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflector, a light sourcehaving a portion vertically displaced with relation to ahorizontal-plane through the focus of the reflector, the reflector beingshaped and positioned to reflect in and below a horizontal direction, asa concentrated beam of light sharply definedon its upper side,substantially all light radiating downwardly from the source, anda-deflector above the source for deflecting to the reflector lightradiating upwardly from the .s'ourceinsuch manner that the deflectedlight is reflected in and below a horizontal direction' and that none ofthe deflected light is-reflected upwardly.

2. Light projection apparatus comprising 'a light source ha-v ing atleast two substantial dimensions, a reflector shaped to reflect aconcentrated beam of 1i ht in -and below a horizontal. direction an vpositioned with respect to the light source to reflect in and below ahorizontal direction substantiallyall light radiating downwardly fromthesource, and a deflector above the source for y deflecting to thereflector light' radiating up \vardly from the source in suchmanner-that the deflected light is reflected in and below a horizontaldirection, substantially none of the deflected light being reflectedupwardly, whereby a concentrated beam of light sharply defined on itsupper side may be projected substantially horizontally.

3. Light projection apparatus comprising alight source having at leastone substantial dimension, a reflector shaped and positioned withrelation to the light source to reflect light directly incident theretoas a concentrated beam in and below a horizontal direction and toreflect substantially no light above a horizontal direction, and adeflector for deflecting light to the reflector in such manner that thedeflected light is reflected in and below a horizontal direction andthat substantially none of the deflected-light is reflected upwardly,whereby a concentrated I beam of light sharply defined on its upper sidemay be projected substantially bori zontally. I

4. Light projection apparatus comprising a subtantially paraboloidalreflector, a light source having a portion vertically displaced withrelation to a horizontal plane containing'the axis of the reflector, andbeing so positioned with respect to the focus of the reflector as toproject a beam of light in and below a horizontal direction and adeflector so shaped and so positioned with respect to the light sourceand focus of the reflector as to deflect light to the reflector in suchmanner as to be reflected in and below a horizontal direction withoutdeflecting substantially any light in such manner as to be reflectedupwardly, whereby near, distant and intermediate portions of a roadwaymay be illuminated without producing upward glare.

5. Light projection apparatus comprising a substantially paraboloidalreflector positioned at least in part below a horizontal planecontainingthe axis thereof, a light source in the region of the focus ofsaid'reflector parts of which are displaced from said plane, and the,light source being so positioned with respect to the said reflector asto reflect a-beam in and below a horizontal direction without reflectingsubstantially any light upwardly, a substantially spherical deflectorpositioned above said horizontal plane to reflect light to saidreflector, and means for deflecting the light which radiatesapproximately horizontally from said displaced parts of the source tothe reflecting surface at such an angle as to be projected in or below ahorizontal direction.

6. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a substantiallyparaboloidal reflector at least aportion of which is positioned belowthe horizontal plane passing through the region of the light source,said light source being positioned in the region of the focus of saidreflector in such manner that a concentrated beam of light reflected inand below ahorizontal direction without substantially any light beingreflected upwardly, deflecting means above said light source todeflectto said reflector light emanating upwardly from said lightsource, and means adjacent said horizontal'plane to prevent lightemanating from said light source approximately horizontally from beingprojectedupw-ardly.

7 Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflectingsurface positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passingthrough the region of said light source, a substantially sphericalreflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and atleast in part in front of a vertical transverse plane through thereg-ion of said light source, and a substantially spherical reflectorpositioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least inpart behind said vertical plane, the centers of said sphericalreflectors being positioned rearwardly of the light source, and thefocus of said reflecting surface being positioned forwardly of saidlight source.

*8. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflectingsurface positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passingthrough the region of the light source, a substantially sphericalreflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and atleast in part in front of a vertical transverse plane through the regionof said light source and a substantially spherical reflector positionedat least in part above said horizontal plane. and at least in partbehind said vertical plane, the focus of said reflecting surface beingpositioned forwardly of said light source and at least one of thecenters of said spherical reflectors being positioned rearwardly of saidlight source and upwardly relative to said focus.

9. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having anappreciable vertical dimension, a substantially paraboloidal reflectorpositioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through theregion of said light source, a substantially spherical deflectorpositioned in part above said horizontal plane and at least in partbehind a vertical transverse plane passing,through the region of saidlight source, the light source being so positioned with respect to thereflector that substantially no light which is directly incident to saidreflector is reflected upwardly, and a substantially spherical deflectorpositioned in part above said horizontal plane and at least in .part infront of said vertical plane, the curvatures of said deflectors beingmodified adjacent said horizontal plane to prevent light from beingdeflected to said reflectorat such angles as to be projected upwardly.

10. Light-pro] ection apparatus comprising a light source having atleasttwo appreciable dimensions, a substantially paraboloidal reflectorpositioned at least in part below a horizonta plane passing through theregion of said light source, a substantially spherical deflector:positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and at least inpart in front of a vertical transverse plane through the region of saidlight source, and a' substantially spherical deflector positioned atleast in part above said horizontal plane and at least in part behindsaid vertical plane, the centers of said spherical deflectors beingdisplaced from each other andbeing positioned rearwardly of the lightsource, whereby a concentrated beam of light may be pro ected aconsiderable distance along a roadway Without producing upward glare.

11. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having anappreciable vertical dimension, a substantiallyparaboloidal plane toprevent. substantially any light radiating approximately horizontallyfrom said source from striking said reflector at such angles as to beprojected upwardly.

12. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having anappreciable vertical dimension, a substantially paraboloidal reflectorpositioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passing through theregion of said light source, a deflector positioned at least in'partabove said horizontal plane and at least in part behind a verticaltransverse plane passing through the region of said light source, and adeflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane and atleast in part in front-of said vertical plane, the deflectors comprisingmeans to prevent substantially any light radiating approximatelyhonizontally from said source from striking said reflector at suchangles as to be projected upwardly.

13. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having anappreciable vertical dimension, a concave reflector at least a portionof which is positioned below a horizontal plane passing through thecentral portion of said light source for projecting light in and below ahorizontal direction;- and a substantially spherical deflectorpositioned above and partially surrounding the light source with itscenter above said hori zontal plane for deflecting upwardly radiatinglight to said concave reflector, a portion ofsaid deflector adjacent ahorizontal plane passing through the region of the light source beingmodified to prevent light being deflected therefrom to the'reflector insuch manner as to be reflected upwardly.

14. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a concavereflector at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontalplane passing through the central portion of said light source forprojecting light in and below a horizontal direction, and asubstantially spherical reflecting surface positioned above andpartially surrounding the light source with its center above saidhorizontal plane for reflecting upwardly radiating light to said concavereflector, said reflecting surface being curved inwardly adjacent ahorizontal plane through the region of the light source.

15. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflectingsurface positioned, at least in partbelow a horizontal plane passingthrough the region of the light source with its axis in said plane, areflector positioned at least in part above said horizontal plane forreflecting light to said reflecting surface, parts displaced relative tosaid axis, and a substantially flat reflecting surface depending fromsaid reflector behind said light source to shield a portion of saidreflecting surface from rays emanating from said displaced parts. v

16. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflectingsurface positioned at least "in part below a horizontal plane passingthrough the region of said light source, a substantially sphericalreflector at least in part surrounding said light source above saidhorizontal plane, and a second substantially spherical reflector havingashorter radius of curvature than said first reflector at least in partwithin said first reflector,'said second reflector having its lowerportion flared outwardly whereby the lower edges of the two reflectorsmeet.

17 .Light projection apparatus comprising a lig t source, a reflectingsurface positioned at'least in part below a horizontal plane passingthrough the re ion of said light source,

hind said light source, said reflecting apronhaving an aperture thereinto receive the light source whereby the latter may be accuratelypositioned relative to said reflector or reflectors.

l8.'Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having anappreciable vertical dimension, a concave reflector positioned at leastin part .below a horizontal plane passing through the region of saidlight source, the light source being posi tioned with respect to thefocus of said reflector in such manner as horizontally to ,project a.beam of light without producing upward glare,

a deflector having at least one substantially spherical reflectingsurface above said plane with its center in the region of said lightsource for deflecting upwardly radiating light to said reflector, andmeans behind,said light source to prevent light striking said concavereflector at such an angle as to be projected upwardly.

19. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having anappreciable vertical dimension, a concave reflector positioned at leastin part below a horizontal plane passing through the region of saidlight source for projecting light in and below a horizontal direction,and a deflector said light source having.

one or more re ectors positloned at least 1n part above said horizontalhaving at least one substantially spherical reflecting surface abovesaid .plane with its center in the region of said light source fordeflecting upwardly radiating light to said concave reflector, saiddeflector extending downwardly to a horizontal plane passing through thelowermost point of the light source and having the curvature of itslower portion modified.

. 20. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflectingsurface having a contour generated by the partial revolution of a conicsection at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontalplane passing through the region of the light source, and asubstantially hemispherical deflector above said horizontal plane fordeflecting to said reflecting surface a portion of the light emanatingfrom said light source, said deflector being flared outwardly adjacentits lower edge.

21. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a reflectingsurface positioned at least in part below a horizontal plane passingthrough the region of said light source, a substantially sphericalreflector above said plane with its center'in the region of said lightsource, and a reflector behind said light source to prevent lightstriking said reflecting surface at such an angle as to be projectedupwardly.

22. Light projection apparatus comprising a semiparaboloidal reflectorhaving a horizontal axis and positioned below the axis, a sphericaldefiectorrabove and behind the focus of the reflector and having itscenter in the rear of the focus, a second spherical deflector above andin frontflof the focus and having its center above the center of thefirst deflector, and a light said centers in such manner that a concen-'trated beam-of light may be projected in and belowa horizontaldirection without producing upward glare.

23. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source having asubstantial vertical dimension, a substantially paraboloidal reflectorpositioned at least in part on one side of a horizontal plane throughthe light source, the light Source being positioned with respect to thefocus of the reflector in such manner as horizontally to project aconcentrated beam without producing upward glare, and a deflector havingatleast one substantially spherical reflecting surface-positioned 'onthe other side of said plane so as to deflect light to the reflector insuchxmanner as to be reflected 'downwardly without deflectingsubstantially any source positioned between the focus and the wardly,the, deflector comprising means to prevent from being reflected upwardlysubstantially any. light radiating from the source approximatelyhorizontally.

24. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflector, a light sourcehaving a portion verticallv displaced with relation to a horizontalplane through the focus of the reflector, the reflector being shaped andpositioned to reflect in and below a horizontal direction, as aconcentrated beam of light sharply defined on its upper side,substantially all light directly incident thereto, a deflector on theside of the source opposite the reflector for deflecting light incidentthereto in such manner that the deflected light is reflected in andbelow a horizontal direction and in such manner that substantially noneof the deflected light is reflected upwardly, and a transparentcontainer for the light source, the container-being so shaped andpositioned with'"re's p ect to the light source that substantially nolight is reflected from the interior surface of the container to thereflector in such manner as to be projected above the sharply definedupper side of said concentrated beam of light.

25. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflector, a light sourcehaving a portion vertically displaced with relation to a horizontalplane through the focus of the reflector, the reflector being shaped andpositioned'to reflect in and below a horizontal direction, as aconcentrated beam, light radiating downwardlv from the source, and adeflector above the source for deflecting light radiating upwardly fromthe source to the reflector as if coming from behind the focus and insuch manner'that substantially no light is deflected to the reflector asif coming from in front of the focus, whereby substantially no light isprojected upwardly.

26. Light projection apparatus comprising a light source, a concavereflector at least a portion of which is positioned below a horizontalplane passing through the central portion of said light source forprojecting light in and below a horizontal direction, and asubstantially spherical reflecting surface positioned above andpartially surrounding the light source .for reflecting upwardlyradiating light to said concave reflector, said reflecting surface beingcurved inwardly adjacent a horizontal plane through the region of thelight source.

27. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflecting surfacepositioned on one side of a horizontal plane containing the axis of thesurface, and a deflector positioned on the other side of said lightsource for deflecting the light incident thereto to the reflectingsurface in such manner as to be projected in and below a horizontaldirection without deflecting substantially any light to the reflectingsurface in such manner as to be projected upwardly, said reflectplrbeing flared outwardly adjacent its lower e ge.

28. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflector, a lightsource in the region of the focus of the reflector, a transparentcontainer for the light source, and a region of the focus of thereflector, a deflec-- tor for deflecting light from the light source tothe reflector, and a, transparent container for the light source, thelight source being so disposed within the transparent container thatsubstantially no light is reflected from the surface of the container tothe reflector, either directly or indirectly from the deflector, in suchmannercas to be reflected upwardly from the reflector.

30. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflector and alight source so arranged with respect to each other as to project aconcentrated beam of light substantially horizontally, a transparentcontainer for the light source, and a deflector so positioned withrespect to the reflector and light source as to deflect light to thereflector in such manner that it is projected downwardly, the lightsource being so disposed within the container that no light is reflectedfrom the surface of the container in r such manner as to be projectedupwardly.

31. Light projection apparatus comprising a concave reflector and alight source so arranged with respect to each. other as to project aconcentrated beam of light substantially horizontally without projectingsubstantially any light upwardly, a transparent container for the lightsource, and a deflector so positioned with respect to the reflector andlight source as to deflect light to the reflector in such manner that itis projected downwardly without deflecting substantially any light tothe reflector in such manner that it is projected upwardly, the lightsource being so disposed within the container that no light is reflectedfrom the surface of the container in such manner as to be projectedupwardly. 32. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflecting surfacedisposed on one side of a horizontal plane containing its axis, a lightsource positioned on one side of a transverse plane through the focus ofthe the surface of the container from striking the reflecting surface insuch manner as to cross said horizontal plane on the side of saidtransverse plane opposite to the light source. a

33. Light projection apparatus comprising a reflecting surface disposedbelow a horizontal plane containing its axis, a light source positionedrearwardly of the focus of the reflector, a deflector disposed at leastin part above said plane for deflecting light to the reflecting surface,and a transparent container for the light source, the contalner being soshaped and the light source being so positioned within the container asto. 15

cause the light reflected from the surface of the container to crosssaid plane rearwardly of the focus.

Signed by me at Boston, Massachusetts, this 23rd day. of May 1916.

ADELBERT AMES, JR.

